Polarization Mode Dispersion is a form of dispersion in optical fibers where two different polarization states of light travel at
different speeds due to imperfections and asymmetries in the fiber core, causing random spreading of optical signals . .
– **** – CD * : * **: Chromatic Dispersion is the variation in phase velocity of light with wavelength, leading to the broadening of laser pulses traveling through optical fibers, which results in bit errors